IMPACT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CERVICAL CANCER THERAPEUTIC APPROCHES

Cervical cancer (CC) is acknowledged as the most ubiquitous carcinoma among females along with the utmost prevalence in developing nations. The major cause of CC is HPV exposure, especially HPV16 and 18. Inflammation is linked to the carcinogenesis of CC in addition to HPV infection. Although the precise cause of CC is yet unknown, using oral contraceptives, being immunosuppressed, and smoking may enhance the risk of the disease. Oxidative stress (OS), in addition to HPV, is linked to cervical cancer. Across several clinical and preclinical research, the dysfunctional redox system and the impact of oxidative stress throughout the aetiology of CC have been examined. Redox homeostasis must therefore be maintained, which calls for both enzymatic and nonenzymatic redox regulators. In this study, we explored the therapeutic strategies used to preserve redox balance, lower cervical cancer mortality, and illustrate the contribution of oxidative stress in the aetiology of the disease

ROLE OF REAL TIME PCR (RT-PCR) IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS FOR COVID-19 REVIEW

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has compelled scientists to create highly reliable diagnostic tools quickly in order to successfully and properly diagnose this pathology and thereby prevent infection transmission. Even though structural and molecular properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) were previously unknown, private research institutes and biomedical firms quickly developed numerous diagnostic procedures beneficial for making a correct detection of COVID19. Rapid antigen or antibody testing, immunoenzymatic serological tests, and RT-PCR based molecular assays are the most frequently used and validated procedures now available. The PCR has grown in popularity in molecular diagnostics to the point where it is still considered the gold standard for finding nucleotides from a variety of sources becoming an indispensable tool in the research lab. Because of its improved speed, sensitivity, reproducibility, and lower likelihood of carry-over contamination, real-time PCR has gained greater popularity. Currently, five different chemistries are employed to detect PCR product during real-time PCR. The self- fluorescing amplicons, DNA binding fluorophores, 5? endonuclease, neighbouring linear and hairpin oligoprobes, and self-fluorescing amplicons are all detailed in depth. We also go through the problems that have hampered the development of multiplex real-time PCR and the importance of real-time PCR in nucleic acid quantification.

ROLE OF DNA REPAIR IN AGING AND MALIGNANCY

DNA repair enzymes are proteins that detect and repair physical damage to DNA induced by radiation, ultraviolet light, or reactive oxygen species. The repair of DNA damage prevents the loss of genetic information, the creation of double-strand breaks, and the formation of DNA crosslinks. The time-dependent reduction of functional properties is known as aging. Mitochondrial malfunction and the buildup of genetic damage are two common factors of aging. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair machinery isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair enzymes isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. The large number of alterations per cell, which can reach 105, has been identified as a driving mechanism in oncogenesis. These findings show that abnormalities in the DNA repair pathway contribute to the senescence as well as cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), double-strand break repair, mismatch repair (MMR), are all major DNA repair processes in mammalian cells. BER excises mostly oxidative and alkylation DNA damage, NER removes bulky, helix-distorting lesions from DNA (e.g., ultraviolet (UV) photodimers), MMR corrects replication errors

REVIEW ON STRUCTURE, PATHOGENECITY, TRANSMISSIBILITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN PATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUSES

Coronaviruses cause animal and human respiratory and bowel infections. They have not been deemed highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong province, China. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that can infect both animals and humans. Coronaviruses didn't just appear recently. They are large family of viruses that have been around for a long time. Formerly, coronaviruses (CoVs) were seen as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates among human populations as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier. Now the recent detection of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), added a new member in corona virus family.The novel coronavirus (COVID 19) is one of the member of coronavirus family which infect human. Scientists have divided coronaviruses into four sub- groupings, called alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Seven of these viruses can infect people. The four common coronaviruses are-229E(alpha), NL63(alpha), OC43(beta), HKU1(beta). The three less-common coronaviruses are- MERS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV-2. Our main target is to describe the the structure, Pathogenecity, Transmissibility and Epidemiology of above mentioned subgroups of corona viruses in our review

A PATH TO EFFECTIVE E-LEARNING IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: BARRIERS AND THEIR SOLUTION

Online learning in medical education is a relatively new concept and one which is rapidly expanding. Recently, due to the global widespread of COVID-19 pandemic, e-learning became the mainstreaming mode of teaching all over the world. Thus, it is critical to assess and work upon the potential challenges, drawbacks and barriers of effective implementation of successful e-learning. The general barriers to e- learning are often encountered as institutional or teaching method norms and technological drawbacks and behavior change in both the learner and the instructor is essential for successful implementation of e- learning in medical education. Although online course delivery has probably eliminated certain barriers that exist in face-to-face classrooms, such as geographic location, transportation issues, architectural and physical impediments, and social contexts which lead to inaccessible learning environments. Thus, it is the responsibility of the medical educators and administrators to look into these challenges and incorporate the solutions which can make begin a new era of better teaching-learning mode of education in medical education in the future This review article analyzes the prominent barriers to e-learning and solutions amongst medical educators to the implementation of online learning in medical education.

ROLE OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN THYROID CANCER LATEST ASPECTS

Thyroid cancer is the prevalent endocrine cancers, and its incidence is growing all over the world, according to the World Health Organization. About 5–10 per cent of individuals with differentiated thyroid carcinoma may experience destructive behavior and metastasis, and their disease will be refractory to therapeutic techniques such as radiation therapy for an unknown cause, despite the favorable prognosis. Most aggressive, deadly, and unresponsive type of the cancer is thyroid carcinoma. Regrettably, existing treatments are not specific and are thus considered poor in treating thyroid malignancies. Consequently, mortality in this malignancy despite progress in diagnosis and treatment is a prominent issue in medicine. evidence linking cellular, molecular, and genetic to a diagnostic and therapeutic simplification. With the new idea of personalized therapy for thyroid cancer diagnosis, arranging the treatment, discovering the success of the treatment and assessing the visualization has improved in the last ten years. Personalized medicine treatment for thyroid cancer is supported by these studies. According to the findings of this review, cellular and molecular processes of cancer will lay concrete on the way for the development of narrative biomarkers for personalized medicine that take individual variations into account